Chocolate lovers, rejoice; the sweet treat is not only delicious, but studies show that it can also promote friendly bacteria and reduce inflammation in our guts.
First, some background: trillions of bacteria live in our guts. They contribute to our immune system, metabolism, and many other processes essential to human health.
When the delicate balance of microbes in our intestines is disturbed, it can have serious consequences.
Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, allergies, asthma, and cancer have all been linked to abnormal gut microbiomes.
A healthful diet supports bacterial diversity and health, but could chocolate be an integral part of this?
Benefits of cocoa
Cocoa is the dry, non-fatty component prepared from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao tree and the ingredient that gives chocolate its characteristic taste.
Many health benefits have been attributed to cocoa and its potent antioxidant functions. These include lowering cholesterol, slowing down cognitive decline, and keeping the heart healthy.
Cocoa metabolism is partly dependent on the bacteria that live in our intestines.
Our bodies are only able to absorb some of the nutrients in chocolate. As such, we need our tiny microbial passengers to break complex molecules into smaller components, which we would not be able to take into our bodies otherwise.
This allows us to make full use of the many health-promoting molecules in cocoa. It doesn’t stop there, however. The gut microbes also benefit from this relationship, which, in turn, has an even greater effect on our health.
Gut health and inflammation
Several studies show that the consumption of cocoa increases the levels of so-called friendly bacteria in the gut.
Researchers from the Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom measured higher levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in the intestines of human volunteers who drank high-cocoa chocolate milk for 4 weeks.
The same team previously showed that components in cocoa can reduce the growth of Clostridium histolyticum bacteria, which are present in the guts of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.
In pigs, higher levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species were also found in the colon in response to a high-cocoa diet. Interestingly, the expression of known inflammatory markers was reduced.
Friendly bacteria including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have, in fact, been implicated in actively promoting anti-inflammatory processes in our intestines, keeping our gut healthy.
Chocolate as part of a healthful diet
Despite the fact that these scientific studies support the claim that cocoa can be beneficial for our gut microbiomes, cocoa does not equal chocolate.
The cocoa extracts used in research do not contain the high levels of sugar and fat found in our everyday chocolate bars.
Unsweetened cocoa powder or high-cocoa content dark chocolate are the closest alternatives to the cocoa used in these studies. Consumed in moderation, chocolate may therefore promote friendly bacteria, and, by extension, a healthy gut, keeping inflammation at bay.
Everyone has experienced a nagging cough after a cold or needed to cough while in a quiet room.
Despite these problems, coughing actually serves a very valuable and useful purpose. Coughing is a protective action, helping the lungs clear out potential germs or harmful objects.
Sometimes, however, that cough is not linked to a cold or infection and can linger for weeks to months at a time. This may lead people to wonder or worry that their cough is a sign of something more serious, such as lung cancer.
This article takes a look at the connection between coughing and lung cancer, including when someone should see a doctor.
Coughing and lung cancer
A cough associated with lung cancer may be either dry or wet.
Not every cough signifies the presence of lung cancer. However, many people do complain of a chronic cough or a “cough that just won’t go away” at the time of their diagnosis.
If a cough is associated with other symptoms, such as those in the list below, it warrants a trip to the doctor to get checked out:
coughing up blood or rust-coloured phlegm
shortness of breath
chest pain
A cough that is associated with lung cancer can be either dry or wet. It can occur at any time, and even be so severe that it interferes with sleep at night.
Lung cancer symptoms
There are many symptoms other than persistent or worsening coughing that is associated with lung cancer. Some of these symptoms include:
ongoing chest pain
coughing up blood
shortness of breath
wheezing or hoarseness of the voice
problems swallowing
loss of appetite
losing weight
Fatigue and tiredness
frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis
Causes of coughing
Allergies such as hay fever may cause short-term coughing. A long-term cough that does not clear up a few weeks, or that gets worse, may have a more serious cause.
There are many reasons why someone might be coughing. A short-term cough can be caused by:
an infection, such as a cold, pneumonia, or bronchitis
an allergy, such as hay fever
inhaled dust, smoke, or debris
a long-term respiratory condition, such as asthma or COPD
Sometimes, a short-term cough can develop into a chronic or a persistent cough. When this happens, it may be caused by one of the following factors:
Long-term respiratory infection, such as chronic bronchitis or pneumonia.
Asthma, which causes shortness of breath, tightening of the chest, and wheezing.
Allergies, such as hay fever.
Smoking. Chronic coughing in a smoker is also known as a “smoker’s cough” and is the result of smoke and other debris irritating the airways.
Bronchiectasis, which is a widening of the airways in the lungs.
Postnasal drip, which is mucus dripping down the throat and triggering a cough. This is usually associated with a cold or allergy.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid flows back into the food pipe. The throat gets irritated by the acid and triggers a cough.
Medications, such as ACE inhibitors, which are used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease.
When to see a doctor
Most coughs clear up within a few days to a few weeks.
It is important to see the doctor if the cough is persistent or occurs along with other symptoms, such as coughing up blood or chest pain.
Seeing a doctor promptly can help to determine the cause of a cough and ensure that nothing more serious is going on.
Diagnosis
Firstly, the doctor will take a thorough medical history and perform a physical exam. In addition to asking about family and personal medical history, the doctor will ask about the history of coughing, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.
During the physical exam, the doctor will listen to the heart and lungs, and look for other potential causes of the coughing, such as signs of an infection or postnasal drip.
Depending on the findings from the history and physical, the doctor may order additional testing. This may include imaging tests, such as:
a chest X-ray
CAT scan
PET scan
MRI
If lung cancer is suspected based on these results, the doctor will likely want to take a biopsy of the suspicious cells. A doctor can do this by passing a needle into the lung tissue through the skin.
Another way is by bronchoscopy, where a small tube is inserted down the nose and into the lungs. A small sample is removed through the tube and analyzed.
A specialist called a pathologist will look at the cell samples under the microscope to determine if there is cancer. If cancer is present, they will also work out the type, and how far it has advanced.
If lung cancer is diagnosed, the doctor may want to order additional testing to see if it has spread beyond the lungs.
Researchers have also found some genetic markers that can impact how a cancer behaves. This includes whether it is aggressive or spreads quickly, or is responsive to certain hormones.
Some doctors will order genetic testing to look for these genetic markers. Positive results can sometimes help with making treatment decisions, as there are new medications that can be more effective than traditional therapies.
Treatment options
Chemotherapy is a common treatment option for lung cancer, although complete removal of the tumor is usually preferable.
The best treatment for lung cancer is complete removal of the tumor and unhealthy cells surrounding it.
Removal is usually only an option when the growth is small and contained, or has only spread to the nearby tissues.
Radiation or chemotherapy is sometimes also given to ensure that all of the cancerous cells have been removed or destroyed.
Once a tumour has spread significantly, it may no longer be removable or curable. The doctor may recommend radiation or palliative care to prevent further complications and treat symptoms.
New targeted therapies may be more successful in certain groups of people or with particular types of cancers. These include female non-smokers or carriers of certain genetic markers.
The doctor can help work out whether someone may benefit from these types of treatments.
Outlook
The outlook for someone diagnosed with lung cancer depends on the stage of cancer when it is diagnosed.
In general, someone with small cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body has a much better outlook than someone who has an aggressive form of cancer that has spread.
Early diagnosis and treatment are very important in increasing the odds of surviving lung cancer. There is no screening test, which can make early detection more difficult.
The best way to prevent lung cancer is to live a healthful lifestyle and avoid cigarette smoke whenever possible. In addition to not smoking, or quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke is essential.
Someone with a high risk of developing lung cancer, based on either family history or history of smoking, should discuss any unusual symptoms with their doctor as soon as possible. These symptoms include a persistent cough that occurs with chest pain, shortness of breath, or blood.
